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April 17, 2004

Two-Party "Repression" and Coalitions

Today I'm commenting on why the two-party system is totally natural, why it tends to persist, and why third parties usually just do damage to their own sides. And I'll get in a grumble about the meme of two-party repression, which says that there are only two important political parties only because the Democrats and Republicans stomp their jackbooted hands on those trying to form third parties.

In all democracies, no matter how constituted, one needs a more-or-less majority coalition of some sort to govern. The dynamics are a little more obvious in a Parliamentary system - the Prime Minister must at most times have a majority coalition of legislators who want him to stay. In the US, the coalition dynamics are less obvious for the head cheese spot. To be elected to any given position, including President, but also including dogcatcher in Fargo or Manchester, you have to create a majority coalition of people who vote for you. Republicans and Democrats are simply frameworks for the easiest varieties of coalition to arise: right-center and left-center. The fewer parties a side has, the easier it is for a majority on that side to arise. Bush has vigorously pursued the widest possible coalition as a candidate and now in office, both trying to keep his base and appeal to moderates. For Kerry to beat him, he needs to do the same, and be better at it.

My assertion is that the persistence of the two-party system is due to natural political dynamics, not imposed tyranny. I got that idea from Jefferson, who, having read his classics, deliberately worked toward a two-party system. That system has survived for two centuries with third parties only working to either replace one party or push a particular idea.

Athens had a two and sometimes three-party system The two-party system isn't just an incidence of modern tyranny. It goes back to Athens. Apparently, there were 2-3 parties back then, too, before party registration requirements. See Aristotle's The Athenian Constitution. Also see Thucidydes' Peloponnesian War for a description of some of these politics in action - Blair and the great Athenian leader Pericles both got and kept power through triangulation in the party of the demos. Free translations of both are available online.

Now, it is widely believed that third parties and independent candidates bring new ideas, but there seems to be a limit to how far that goes. Since 1976 (when I first started to understand politics a bit), I can only think of one party that has brought in new ideas at the Presidential level - the Libertarians (expanded notions of property rights and an anti-tyrranistic tinge to anti-Clintonism are most of what got through to the GOP). Anderson, Nader, Perot, Buchanan, the Green Party, were all either about "the other guys suck," or "they aren't extreme enough."

Perot didn't represent a new point of view, he just really hated W-less Bush and thought he was better than him or Clinton. On the other side of the coin, Nader and Buchanan both thought they deserved to be President and were in enough denial of facts that they thought they could do without compromise. Compromise is another vital part of political dynamics. Somebody who refuses to compromise on anything is going nowhere. No great enterprise has ever done much without compromise. Nader has often refused to compromise, and thus accomplished amazingly little good. There is a frequent confusion of strength of spirit with ability to get things done. Buchanan and Nader are both strong in spirit, as was Dean. So were FDR and Churchill. But there's a reason why FDR and Churchill are names for the ages - they compromised often, even with totalitarianism to beat totalitarianism.

The strong note here of ego, hatred, and uncompromisingness has led me to like serious barriers to third parties. Though, we shouldn't eliminate third parties - rare and fleeting as the positive aspects are, they are vital.

I think President Wilson is to blame for spreading the idea wide of small-party merit. He preferred the British government because of its better debating style, and went on to support parliamentary democracies in the countries liberated following WWI. But that difference of debate style is probably more due to Question Time than smaller parties. He might've done better to voluntarily organise and submit to a Question Time in Congress himself. His League of Nations probably would've done better - mostly because his Congressional persuasion would've been better structured, but also because he would've been likelier to think through certain structural and enforcement issues.

In fact, rather alot of recent initiatives would've probably fared better if the President had to do a regular legislative Question Time. Both Carter and Clinton have been criticised for having poor Congressional relations. Although Bush gets along well with Congress, his administration would fared better in several ways if he'd had to face that kind of regular hardball.

Maybe another reason for small-party persistence is that it's also satisfying to the ambitions of politicians who dream of leading a new party into an electoral majority. Third-party members have a way of simply taking on faith that one of the big parties is in imminent danger of death.

Another attraction of third parties is that the members have more in common intellectually and politically. The fact that Austin Libertarians on my ballots are often from the computer industry earns them more of a glance from me than I'd give a party with the same ideals, say with many members in textiles (though not enough for me to vote for any). But similarities are more limited than they appear. Libertarian philosophy is deeply split on war issues, pretty much torpedoing them for now. And that's another third-party limitation. You spend so much time creating a party oriented around certain issues, and then unrelated issues come up and what then?

It would be unwise for us to emulate our Athenian forebears and try to create a long-standing moderate party, as some on this blog have shown interest in. Two-party dynamics deliver the goods disproportionately to us moderates. Creating a moderate party would, ironically, make us worse off, as do independent centrist Presidential candidates. Best we put up with our extremists, just as they put up with us.

Posted by Jon Kay at April 17, 2004 02:45 PM

Comments

Disagree and would take some time over time to make all the points. Although at this time, am not interested in taking the time or using energies that it takes to form a third party.

I am for one am definitely interested in a Third Non-Partisan Centrist Group/Sphere of Influence. Centrists would not be opposed to making compromises. Several million wanting Use of reason vs. vested interests and give-mes ( Aye, there is the rub) could contribute some dollars and participate in a blog (with regular polls, etc.).

Am an advocate of excising the extremes for influence. The modern version of a two party system in U.S. is primarily about money ( too much to get there and too long an eleciton cycle), wielding power, and giving away the public treasury to which interests ( for even more votes the next round. Moderates have been gerrymandered out from most districts across the country. Also, if there were not so many overpaid and overbenfited govt. employees, I might tend to agree more. Too many consider themselves moderates, but they're living off taxpayer their govt. assoc./unions garnered for them.

I do not respect Jefferson as much as Adams and Franklin or his more princely style of living. Also, was he not a slave owner? Did not Washington warned of dangers of political parties and foreign entanglements in his Farewell Address?

Did not Pericles go too far in advancing his egomaniacal misadventures? For me, Aristotle only waxes philosophical.

Part of the problem lies in a segmented subject form of Education that most have received in last thirty years.

Further, the tax structure and such manipulation of has enabled special interests muchmore so than would under what structure I would have wanted in place by now.

I know people don't like to hear it, but national service for all for privilege of being a citizen would make for more participatory government and few boondoggle decisions.

Enough for now.


Janus

Posted by: Janus at April 17, 2004 07:49 PM

I'm not sure a moderate party is the solution to the problem, but there is definitely a problem somewhere. I'll try and read up on that attempted Athenian moderate party and see if they were dealing with the same partisanship problems we are.

Although grouping all sorts of different opinions into two groups is to some extent an alliance of convenience, it does seem that the same dynamics which make those alliances convenient also move us towards two groups of people with widely divergent ways of viewing things, liberal and conservative. I don't think this is bad in principle - some would say our brains work the same way, with left and right hemispheres having certain general differences, and whichever one is better suited to a particular class of problem tending to take responsibility for it as success proves it effective. But if the two halves of the brain did not share the same goals and actively fought each other, the system would break down.

I think that has happened politically. Jon Kay, do you disagree, or do you just think the solution proposed is wrong?

Posted by: David Weisman at April 17, 2004 08:19 PM

Mr. Kay-- did you state previously that your wife was in dem politics in Texas? Also, you over the years? Any way you people were fans of LBJ? Who was awful in my thinking. A fan of that Ann Richards?


David W. ---

The two party system is not working. That seems obvious.

Besides, being a total dichotomy and trying to buy off the edges to include. for extra votes. If you can't see that, then be a continued follower of. By the way, using your own ex. with that the type of thinking your brain would be in constant conflict and cognitive dissonance.

The Center is the best option for people for not only thinking people, but people who see the need to effect some changes. Previously, third parties have been more kooky or egomaniac leaders.

These political parties have way too much money to dominate and crush, as well as to blow on their parties of conventions, media, consultants.
Some of you even know that the parties are in charge of Federal Election Commission?

When you check into voting in previous historical periods, check to see also who did not get to vote due to being not of certain types or landowning.
That is a huge factor. We have too many morons allowed to vote. Too many too non-taxpayers allowed to vote. We have too many who want goodies. If you need examples and effects, there are plenty.


Alex

Posted by: Alex at April 18, 2004 10:49 AM

I would rather like to see a discussion on Janus' final point about "national service." I often think that a great part of the problem is that we have too many professional politicians running things instead of true representatives of the people. Professional politicians too often have private agendas that are in direct conflict with the needs of the country.

Besides, if we had some kind of "national service" setup, political parties wouldn't have nearly as much control.

Thoughts?

Posted by: Heather Feuerhelm at April 18, 2004 11:50 AM

I'm afraid the only connection my wife (the Profesora, as I like to call her in espace) and I have to LBJ is that she teaches at the institution where LBJ went. She also voted in LBJ's old Texas legislative district until about a year ago, just before marrying me (yay!!!) and moving to Austin.

Neither of us is a politician. I've simply read a few too many political biographies over the years - I'm an Internet entrepreneur.

So far, I've been too chicken to crack Caro's LBJ books. Right now I'm obsessing about the 16th and 17th centuries and reading a contemporary treatment of Pizarro's conquest of Peru (from the Profesora's collection) and Shogun; the Profesora is working on Stephenson's Quicksilver, also set in that era, in preparation for his next book. Hopefully I'll get around to Caro in the next few years....

We're both too recent to remember Richards, much less LBJ. I got here two years into Bush' 1st term as Governor.

Still trying to figure out what to say about the less personal points...

Posted by: Jon Kay at April 19, 2004 01:46 AM

I don't agree that a "Starship-Troopers"-like service requirement would improve politics or reduce the control of political parties; we'd simply see the same dynamics amongst the reduced electorate (political dynamics were pretty similar before the extension of the vote to non-property-owners, for example). I do, however, think that we'd see many non-citizen problems go unsolved - notice that the only live bombing range left just happens be located amongst Americans without representation (Vieques). Similarly, notice how much progress was made on Jim Crow while blacks had no vote.

I do like David's comparison of political parties with brain halves. If you want a balanced budget or a new benefit, vote Democrat. If you want to fight a war well or have good foreign policy, vote Republican. At least, there is that inclination; it's obviously a generalization. Of course, there's also a competitive bit, which may or may not play into the relationship between hemispheres.

Posted by: Jon Kay at April 19, 2004 03:04 AM

Hmmm. A lot to think about here.

I've always been an advocate for a "big tent" approach to centrist politics. Our movement has extraordinary diversity -- with large, active moderate groups in both major parties, lots of independent moderates, folks in third parties etc.

I think it's attractive to essentially boost all elements of this mosaic. Sometimes one piece of it will succeed, as when we get a good centrist candidate from one of the parties ... sometimes a different piece of it will succeed. And sometimes nothing quite works. You never know which part will offer us the best opportunity, or from which quarter the best person will emerge.

I suppose that puts me in the category of supporting third parties or independent candidacies, when a centrist goes that route. For example, I think it's great that the folks in Maine elected Angus King governor, and that he did such a good job for them.

You point out, of course, that independent or third party presidential runs have consistently involved folks who were a little bit quirky. I suspect the fact that our system is not conducive to a third party is partly responsible for that -- only quirky people run, because there aren't that many prospects for success and you have to be a bit of a gambler to give it a try.

The experienced, balanced, capable leaders tend to stay away, except when they can get the nod from one of the major parties.

Posted by: William Swann at April 19, 2004 08:45 AM
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